Copenhagen, Denmark’s capital, is a city filled with history, culture and modern innovation. The city has developed from a small fishing village into one of the world’s most sustainable and vibrant metropolises.
This article briefly explores Copenhagen’s fascinating history and provides a guide to the best sights, helping you make the most of your visit to Copenhagen
Copenhagen’s History – From the Middle Ages to a Modern Metropolis
1 - The Beginning – A Fishing Village by the Øresund
Copenhagen’s history begins in the 12th century, when the city was a small fishing village called Havn. Its strategic location by the Øresund made it ideal for trade and fishing. Copenhagen’s first major period of growth was driven by Bishop Absalon, who built a castle on Slotsholmen in 1167 to protect the town. This marked the beginning of Copenhagen’s development as an important trading town.
2 - The Middle Ages – A Centre of Trade
During the 13th and 14th centuries, Copenhagen grew in importance as a trading town, particularly because of its location along the Baltic Sea’s trade routes. Walls were built around the town to protect it against attacks, and it began to attract merchants and craftspeople.
In 1443, Copenhagen officially became Denmark’s capital, cementing its importance as a political and economic centre.
3 - The Renaissance – Christian IV’s Golden Era
King Christian IV (1588–1648) left his mark on Copenhagen as a town planner and visionary. Many of the city’s most iconic buildings were constructed during his reign, including the Round Tower, the Stock Exchange and Rosenborg Castle. The city became a cultural and architectural centre in the Nordic region.
4 - Fires, War and Reconstruction
Copenhagen was badly affected by two disasters in the 18th century: the Great Fire of 1728, which destroyed large parts of the city, and the fire of 1795, which devastated further areas. Reconstruction brought wider streets and neoclassical buildings.
During the Napoleonic Wars, Copenhagen was bombarded by the British fleet in 1807, causing extensive destruction. However, the city quickly recovered and once again became an important centre for trade and culture.
5 - Industrialisation and Modernisation
In the 19th century, Copenhagen experienced rapid population growth and industrialisation. The ramparts that had previously surrounded the city were demolished, making room for what are now the districts of Vesterbro, Nørrebro and Østerbro.
6 - Copenhagen in the 20th Century
During the Second World War, Copenhagen was occupied by Germany, but the city played a central role in the resistance movement. After the war, Copenhagen enjoyed a period of economic and cultural flourishing.
Today, Copenhagen is known as one of the world’s most sustainable and cycle-friendly cities. With its green initiatives, modern architecture and rich history, it serves as a model for many cities around the world.
Top Tips for Sights to See in Copenhagen
Copenhagen is filled with exciting places to explore. Here is a guide to some of the best sights, organised into different categories:
Historic Sights
1 - Christiansborg Palace
Christiansborg Palace on Slotsholmen is the heart of Danish politics. It houses the Danish Parliament, the Supreme Court and the Prime Minister’s Office. The palace is also open to visitors, who can explore the Royal Reception Rooms, the ruins of Absalon’s castle and the impressive tower, which offers fantastic views across the city.
Tip: Visit the tower for a free panoramic view of Copenhagen.
2 - Rosenborg Castle and the King’s Garden
Rosenborg Castle was built by Christian IV as a royal residence and now houses the crown jewels and an impressive collection of royal treasures, as well as historic works of art. The castle is surrounded by the King’s Garden, a popular spot for relaxation.
Tip: Visit the castle early in the morning to avoid queues.
3 - The Round Tower
The Round Tower is one of Copenhagen’s most iconic buildings. Built as an astronomical observatory in 1642, it is known for its spiral ramp leading to the top.
Tip: Take your time to enjoy the view from the top – it is particularly beautiful at sunset.
4 - Amalienborg Palace
This royal palace is home to the Danish royal family. You can watch the changing of the guard and explore the area around the palace, which is one of Copenhagen’s most impressive historic buildings.
Tip: Enjoy the beautiful Amaliehaven garden right next to the palace.
5 - The Little Mermaid
The famous Little Mermaid statue, based on Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tale, is one of Copenhagen’s most photographed sights, despite its small size.
Tip: Visit early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid the largest crowds and get the best photo opportunities.
Cultural Experiences
6 - Nyhavn
Nyhavn is one of Copenhagen’s most picturesque areas, known for its colourful houses and welcoming atmosphere. The area was once home to Hans Christian Andersen and is now filled with restaurants and cafés.
Tip: Take a canal tour from Nyhavn and see the city from the water.
7 - The National Museum of Denmark
The National Museum of Denmark is the country’s largest museum of cultural history, offering a journey through its history from the Viking Age to the present day.
Tip: Spend time in the children’s section, which offers fun, interactive experiences for families.
8 - The National Gallery of Denmark
This art museum houses an impressive collection of both Danish and international art, from the Renaissance to modern times.
Tip: Visit the park behind the museum for a peaceful break.
9 - Kastellet
A well-preserved fortress dating from the 17th century, Kastellet is a beautiful, peaceful park that also houses a small museum and a landmark red windmill.
Tip: Take a leisurely walk around the moat and enjoy the views of the surrounding area.
Modern Sights
10 - The Copenhagen Opera House
The Copenhagen Opera House, also known as Operaen, is one of the world’s most modern and technologically advanced opera houses. Located on Holmen, it offers impressive views across the city, including Amalienborg Palace and the Marble Church.
Tip: Book a performance and experience the opera house in full swing.
11 - The Black Diamond
The Black Diamond is a modern extension of the Royal Danish Library and an architectural masterpiece. Beyond housing books, it is also a cultural venue hosting concerts and exhibitions.
Tip: Check the library’s programme for events during your visit.
12 - CopenHill
CopenHill combines a combined heat and power plant with a ski slope – an innovative attraction that showcases Copenhagen’s vision for sustainability. Visitors can ski, climb or enjoy the views from the top.
Tip: Even if you do not ski, the rooftop terrace is worth a visit.
13 - Freetown Christiania
An alternative neighbourhood where creativity and freedom take centre stage. Christiania is known for its unique way of life, artistic expression and relaxed atmosphere.
Tip: Take your time exploring the creative artworks, cafés and beautiful natural areas for an authentic experience of Christiania’s unique atmosphere.
Nature Experiences
14 - Tivoli Gardens
Tivoli Gardens, one of the world’s oldest amusement parks, is a must-see in Copenhagen. Alongside its rides, the park offers beautiful gardens, restaurants and live entertainment.
Tip: Visit Tivoli in the evening when the lights come on – it is magical.
15 - Amager Beach Park
This man-made beach park is perfect for a relaxing day by the water. With its paths, sandy beaches and views across the Øresund, it is an oasis in the city.
Tip: Hire a bicycle and cycle along the beach for an active experience.
16 - The Botanical Garden
The Botanical Garden is part of the University of Copenhagen and houses a beautiful collection of plants and greenhouses.
Tip: Visit the Palm House, an impressive glass greenhouse.
17 - Copenhagen Canal and Boat Tours
Copenhagen is known for its canals, and taking a boat tour is a fantastic way to see the city. You can cruise through beautiful areas such as Christianshavn and Slotsholmen.
Tip: Choose a canal tour early in the day for fewer crowds and softer light for photos.
18 - Copenhagen Zoo
One of Europe’s oldest zoos, Copenhagen Zoo is home to a wide variety of animal species and is known for its beautiful historic architecture.
Tip: Plan your visit early in the day when the animals are most active.
Shopping and Food Experiences
19 - Strøget
Strøget is one of Europe’s longest pedestrian shopping streets, filled with shops, cafés and street music. Here you will find everything from luxury brands to small specialist shops.
Tip: Explore the side streets to discover unique shops.
20 - Torvehallerne
This food market is a paradise for food lovers. Here you can find everything from fresh fish and gourmet chocolate to delicious tapas and Nordic dishes.
Tip: Try a classic Danish open sandwich, known as smørrebrød, from one of the stalls.
21 - Nyhavn
Copenhagen’s colourful harbour is an iconic image of the city. Nyhavn is filled with cafés, restaurants and a lively atmosphere. From the harbour, you can take boat tours and see the city from the water.
Tip: Take your time strolling along the quayside and consider having lunch at one of the cosy restaurants overlooking the canal.
Hidden Gems
22 - Assistens Cemetery
This cemetery in Nørrebro is a peaceful place where many famous Danes, including Hans Christian Andersen and Søren Kierkegaard, are buried.
Tip: Visit the cemetery in spring when it is beautifully in bloom.
23 - Refshaleøen
This former industrial area has become a cultural hotspot, with the Reffen street food market, art galleries and nature experiences.
Tip: Cycle to the area and enjoy its relaxed atmosphere.
Conclusion
Copenhagen is a city that combines history and innovation in a unique way. From medieval castles to modern architecture, from cosy cafés to scenic parks – the city has something for everyone. Whether you are visiting for the first time or returning, there is always something new to discover. Use this guide as inspiration and experience everything Copenhagen has to offer!
If you need more inspiration for sights to see in Copenhagen, watch this video – The 20 Best Things to Do in Copenhagen
If you know Copenhagen well or live there, we would love to hear your thoughts and/or suggestions in the comments about other exciting sights and experiences in Copenhagen.
